CANCER

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Cancer and its caused

   The body is made up of very small cells , normal cells in the body grow and die in a controlled way. Sometimes cells keep dividing and growing without normal controls , causing an abnormal growth called tumor.

If the tumor doesn’t invade nearby tissues and body parts , it is called a benign tumor, or non-cancerous growth benign tumor are rarely life threatening.

If the tumor invades and destroys nearby cells, it is called a malignant tumor or cancer. cancer may threaten a person’s life. Cancerous cells may also spread to different part of the body through blood vessels and lymph channels.

Lymph is a nearly clear fluid produced by the body that drains waste from cells. It travels through special vessels and bean-shaped structures called lymph nodes.

Cancer treatments are used to kill or control abnormally growing, cancerous cells. Cancer in the body are given names depending on where the cancer originates.

Cancer that’s begins in the lungs will always be called a lung cancer, even if it spread to another place such as liver, bones or brain. Although doctors can locate where a cancer begins, the cause of a cancer in a patient cannot usually be identified .

Cells contain hereditary or genetics materials called chromosome. This genetic material controls the growth of the cells. Cancer always arises from changes that occur in these genetic materials. When the genetic materials in a cells becomes abnormal, it can lose its ability to control its growth. These sudden changes in genetic material can occur for a variety of reasons. This tendency may be inherited from parents. Changes in genetic material may also occur because of exposure to infections, drugs, tobacco, chemicals, or other factors.

new task

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Knowing that the patient has smoked or taken hot or cold drink the nurse should do the following before assessing oral temperature: a. Make him rinse his mouth

b. Clean his teeth

c. Allow 15 mins to elapse before carrying out the procedure

d. Allow 5 mins to to elapse before carrying out the procedure 

All the following are correct about naso –gastric tube insertion EXCEPT:

a. It is strictly a sterile procedure

b. The nurses must explain the procedure to patients prio r to insertion

c. Hand washing is essential prior to insertion

d. The nurse must check the physician’s order prior to insertion

Trendelenburg position means:

a. Patient lies on his abdomen with foot of bed elevated

b. Patient lies on his abdomen with foot of bed lowe red

c. Patient lies on his back with the foot of bed elevated

d. Patient lies on his back with the head of bed elevated

 NG feeding should be given:

a. Quickly in order not to obstruct the tube

b. By applying direct pressure

c. Over one hour period

d. Slowly by gravity

The most important nurse’s responsibility in catheterization is to:

a. Prepare the equipment

b. Explain the procedure

c. Position the patient 160

d. Follow strict aseptic technique

 to help relaxation of the pediatric sphincter during the administration of the

anemia you ask the patient to:

a. Wash the area before starting

b. Sleep on left lateral side

c. Lubricate the rectal tube

d. Take deep breaths during the procedure

 Which of the following position is used for unconscious patient to prevent

aspiration:

a. Supine position

b. Prone position

c. Sim’s position

d. Trendelenburg position

 An important aspect of care carried out by the nurse includes:

a. Cleaning to the direction of the least contaminated area

b. Using one cotton ball for each cleaning from front to back

c. Using one cotton ball for all cle aning strokes

d. None of the above

The position of the patient when receiving perennial care would be:

a. Lying on back with knees flexed and draped

b. On the right side with knees flexed

c. On the left side with knees extended

d. Prone with legs extended

To assess the placement of nasogatric tube in the correct position the nurse

has to:

a. Attach distal end of tube to syringe and withdrawn some gastric content

b. On the right side with knees flexed

c. On the left side with knees extended

d. Prone with legs extended

nursing task

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LANGUAGE FUNCTION

Functional expressions

Introducing yourself

Skills for introduction yours elf is the first step of starting

communication between nurse and patient. The most important things

of introducing yourself are by saying greeting, contrax time, and

mention your name.

For example:

1. Hello, my name is Joni

2. How do you do?

3. Nice to meet you

4. I am in charge today

5. How do you spell your name?

Offering services

In some activities, one of the nurse’ role is encouraging patient to offer

nursing care to the patient.

For example:

1. What can I do for you?

2. Do you need any help?

3. Do you want me to help you?

4. If you need anything, let me know.

5. Is there anything I can do?

Giving direction

Giving direction is one of competence that nurse and midwife must be

posses. Nursing intervention needs the direction, clearly, accurately,

and relevance.

For example:

1. You’d better sit down, madam

2. After that, you need to do the pre admissio n test.

3. Before the test you must be fasting

4. When you get the results, please come back here.

5. The laboratory is down the hallway

Explaining

Explaining is used to explain something about information questions.

You need to use some conjunction wards such as: and, but, or, then,

after that, because, for example etc.

For example:

1. Let me tell you this…

2. Generally speaking, smoking is harmful

3. However, they should maintain balanced diet.

4. This will give you a lot of energy

5. Because milk contains a lot of energy.

Describing

The Function of describing is focused on describing something, such

as instruments, part of the body, diseases, and procedur es of

intervention.

For example:

1. How is she?

2. She doesn’t look very good ( seriously ill)

3. How was it? (How was the operation?)

4. It went very well

5. The theatre was very cold though.

Convincing

The function of convincing is to make sure about our intervention that

it will help patient of recovery.

For example:

1. Don’t worry, it has no side effects.

2. I’m sure you’ll get well soon

3. I think surgery is the only solution

4. You’ll be home in a couple of days

5. You should really consider it

Persuading

Persuading purposes to persuade patient to obey all regulations. The

words that commonly used in persuading are probably, would be,

likely etc.

For example:

1. I would say that you need a doctor

2. It is a likely that you need medication

3. We really need your supports

4. Could you consider the proposals?

5. Staying in the hospital is not bad idea

Consoling/soothing

Consoling purposes to consul patient to be calm down or relax

For example:

1. Take it easy…

2. Calm down…

3. Don’t worry…

4. Take a deep breath …

5. You’re in pain. Aren’t you?

Encouraging/motivating

Encouraging is used by nurse to encourage patient to have a positive

thinking about her/his disease

For example:

1. I’m sure you will make it.

2. Have faith and everything will work out well

3. Be brave and you’ll be okay

4. You need to see the bright side of it.

5. Just does it, you’ve got nothing to loose.

Reprimanding

Reprimanding purposes to reprimand patient politely

For example:

1. That’s not right thing to do.

2. This is not good for your digestion

3. As far as I know, you’re not supposed to smoke

4. STOP it, will you?

5. I’m sorry, but you have deliberately broken the rule.

Complaining

Complaining is used to express the complain of patient

For example:

1. Is this what you call ‘first class hospital’?

2. How come he did that to us?

3. Oh…..not again……

4. How could you do this to me?

5. What kind of service is this?

Praising

Praising is used to praise patient.

For example:

1. Aren’t you looking great this morning?

2. You’ve made a lot of progress

3. You look stunning!

4. That’s excellent!

5. You’ve been very helpful

Entertaining

Entertaining purposes to help patient to be happy.

For example:

1. Look what I’ve got here…

2. I’ve got surprise for you…

3. You deserve a reward…

4. Everyone…let’s have fun!!!

5. Party time

Apologizing

Apologizing is used to ask apologizing caused you may make mistakes

For example:

1. Excuse me… May I get through?

2. Sorry, I was on your way

3. I’m sorry for being so late

4. Please forgive me. I didn’t mean to hurt you

5. I owe you an apology.

6. Sorry about that

7. I would like a apologize

8. I feel really bad about it

9. I am so sorry

10. Do forgive me please

Disclaiming

Disclaiming is used to express that you have no idea about the topic

For example:

1. I have no idea

2. Sorry, I really don’t know

3. I suggest that you ask the doctor

4. I’m not in the position of answering that question

5. I’ll see if I can ask the doctor for you.

6. Sorry, we don’t do that here

7. You can’t expect me to answer that

8. Sorry, I can’t answer that question.

9. Why don’t you ask somebody else?

10. I’m not telling…

Requesting/ordering

The function this word is to request someone to do something

For example:

1. Open your mouth.

2. Somebody help!

3. Can you take a deep breath for me?

4. Could you please help me

5. Give me a hand, will you?

6. You are staying tonight

7. I look forward to hearing from you very soon

Answering telephone

For example:

1. Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Ira speaking.

2. Nurse Ira’s surgery, may I help you?

3. Could you hold on second

4. May I ask who is calling, please?

5. Could you call again later?

6. Thank you for calling.

7. Sorry, Doctor Joni is not in at the moment.

8. Can I take a message?

9. Yes, ma’am, what can I do to help

10. Maternity ward, may I help you?

Making a telephone call

For example:

1. I’m calling to find out…

2. I’m calling to enquire about the problems you have

3. The reason I’m calling is…

4. I’m calling about…

5. I’d like to ask if…

6. I was wondering if you could tell me

7. I’d like to talk to somebody from th e Finance Department, please

Advising

For example:

1. Consider this…

2. Listen to me…

3. You can take this advice…

4. Make up your mind !

5. Let me give you some fatherly advice…

6. You should see the two sides of the coin

7. You should learn from the lesson

Rejecting

Rejecting is used to reject that you do not agree.

For example:

1. No way

2. Not a chance!

3. Forget it

4. Thanks, but no thanks

5. I’d really rather not do it

6. We would like to inform you with regret that the position has been

filled.

7. I don’t particularly like seafood

Giving opinion

Giving opinion purposes to give opinion in order to solve a problem .

For example:

1. In my opinion, it’s worth cons idering

2. Not everyone will agree with me, but

3. I do believe he’s the person in command

4. I personally, believe we ought to discipline the children

5. I think we should go

6. I feel that you should be present

7. I personally think so

Consulting

Consulting is used to consult something that is unclear or need more

explanation

For example:

1. What do you think ?

2. Do you think it is a good idea ?

3. Do you have any doubts ?

4. Are you convinced?

5. What do you mean by that?

6. Any suggestions?

7. I need to clarify this matter

8. I’d like to crosscheck with you…

9. Let’s get this straight…

10. Why do you think so?

Reporting

Reporting purposes to report about activities that had been occurred

For example:

1. To begin with, he offered me a cigarette

2. The next thing I knew, I was in The ER

3. I did not recognize him.

4. So then he was put in the detention

5. So, I fell over